admin law

admin law

Monday, 10 April 2023 21:44

Associate Professor 張臏心

Monday, 10 April 2023 21:44

Associate Professor 周璐(Zhou-Lu)

Monday, 10 April 2023 18:43

Associate Professor Hughes Benjamin F

Monday, 10 April 2023 17:33

Associate Professor Bokgi Kim

Monday, 10 April 2023 11:44

Associate Professor Anisimtsev Nikolay

Thursday, 06 April 2023 10:20

Incoming Exchange Program

2024/2025 Fact Sheet for Partners

2024/2025 NTU Law Factsheet

Requirements & Application

Students who want to apply for the exchange program need:

  1. Nomination by home university
    You need to be first nominated by your home college before applying for the NTU Law exchange student program. The college level exchange program only accepts students who are nominated by our partner institutions.
    ※Please note that if your college does not have an exchange agreement with NTU Law, please refer to the webpage for "Visiting Student Program", which is a free-mover program.
  2. Language Proficiency and GPA requirement
    We do not have specific requirements about language proficiency and academic results.
  3. Citizenship
    You should hold a non-Taiwanese passport.
    ※Students with only Taiwanese nationality are not eligible for the exchange program. Students with double citizenship where one is of foreign origin are allowed to apply.

After nominations are accepted, the application information will be sent to the nominees and coordinators via email.

Term Structure of the Academic Year

Please check the Academic Calendar for details regarding the starting and ending dates of the Fall and Spring semester.

  • Fall Semester: From September to December
  • Spring Semester: From February to June
  • Orientation: One week before the beginning of the semester
  • Suggested date of arrival: before orientation

Key Academic Dates | Spring 2024

January 15-17Pre-registration of first stage course selection

January 23-24Pre-registration of second stage course selection

February 17Orientation & Registration

February 18General Chinese Course Placement Test

February 19Classes begin

February 19 - March 2Course add / drop period

March 5 - May 10Course Withdraw period

March 9Student Club and Academic Department Expositions

March 11-15Online confirmation for course selection results

April 8-12Midterm exam period

June 3-7Final exam period

June 10Summer vacation begins

June 10-30De-registration Procedures

End of summer breakCheck your grades online

Key Academic Dates | Fall 2024

August 19-21Pre-registration of first stage course selection

August 26-27Pre-registration of second stage course selection

August 30 (tentative)Orientation & Registration

August 31General Chinese Course Placement Test

September 2Classes begin

September 2 - 14Course add / drop period

September 7Club Fair

September 18 - November 22Course Withdraw period

September 25 - November 27Online confirmation for course selection results

October 21 - 25Midterm exam period

December 16 - 20Final exam period

December 23Winter vacation begins

December 23 - January 10De-registration Procedures

End of winter breakCheck your grades online

Accommodation

On-campus housing is open for application but NOT guaranteed to all exchange students. Please specify your preference in the application form.
If you do not want to apply for on-campus housing, please arrange your own accommodation off-campus.

On Campus Accommodation

There are three on-campus accommodations provided. The accommodation contract is usually signed for 4 months for semester exchange students. In the case of early check-in, the students have to email the dormitory and get the approval. And for the early termination (except for the end of exchange), the early termination fee will be one month's rent.
Please note that the dormitory will be decided by lots-drawing, so it CAN NOT be guaranteed. The result will come out around early-August (Fall semester) or early-December (Spring semester).

  • Prince House - NTU Chang-Hsing and Shui-Yuan Dormitories

Accommodation in Prince House is provided by Prince Corp. in cooperation with NTU. There are two Prince House dormitories: Chang-Hsing Dormitory and Shui-Yuan Dormitory, which are both located near the campus, offer an exclusive choice of single, double, and triple rooms. Internet and water are included in the rent, but electricity, telephone, and cable TV bills are separate. Rooms are equipped with an independent bathroom, a bed (without mattress), table, book shelf, closet, refrigerator, air conditioner, 24-hour hot water, cable TV output, internet, and telephone output. In addition, many stores and restaurants can be found in the immediate vicinity.
For more detailed information, please refer to the  NTU Prince House website.

  • Yuantong Student Dormitory

According to NTU's regulations, each student can only choose one type of room from the Prince House for the dormitory lots-drawing. Therefore, we also offer the Yuantong Dormitory as a secondary option.
Yuantong Student Dormitory is a little bit further from our building compared to the Prince House, but it is still quite convenient as long as you make use of public transportation.
For more information about Yuantong, please refer to Yuantong Dormitory.

Off Campus Accommodation

Please understand that the University cannot find off-campus housing for students. Below we have included some reliable accommodation searching platforms or off-campus accommodation options you can consider.

  1. My Room Abroad
  2. Tsuei Ma Ma Foundation
  3. 9floor
  4. International House of Taipei
    • Price Range: 7,600 - 19,000 NTD/month
    • Address: 102, XinPo 1st St., Xindian City, Taipei County
    • Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    • Website: http://www.ihouse.taipei/
  5. May Rooms – NTU Gongguang
  6. Live in Taiwan
    • Price Range: 9,000 - 35,000 NTD/month
    • Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. 
    • Website: https://www.liveintaiwan101.com/products/apartment-rental-service

For more detailed information, please refer to the NTUOIA Off-campus Accommodation website.

Course Selection

The credits loading for exchange students is 4 to 8 law credits . If you need more than 8 credits, please indicate by your coordinator in the nomination form in advance. Please only ask for more than 8 credits when it is a graduation/exchange requirement.

Courses are distributed by a random lot drawing process, so the result can NOT be guaranteed. Hence, it is strongly advised that to avoid the possible risk of graduation, nominated students should NOT be completing their final term of studies when they exchange at NTU.

The course selection process is divided into three periods:

  • 1st Course Selection Period: around three weeks before the beginning of the semester
  • 2nd Course Selection Period: around two weeks before the beginning of the semester
  • Add and Drop Period: first two weeks after the beginning of the semester

About “Primary Course Selection (two stages)”

Step1: Check the course catalog on “NTU Course”
First of all, the course catalog for each semester will be uploaded to “NTU Course” in January (Spring semester) or August (Fall semester), so you can browse the website and check what courses you want to take. Before the course information is announced, you may still refer to the NTU Course Information to search for courses offered in the past few years for your reference.

For the instructions of using “NTU Course”, please refer to “How to use NTU Course to search for courses conducted in English”. As for your NTU account, it will be opened in Early January (Spring semester) or Early August (Fall semester), so please try to sign in after then, and your password will be " a + your birthday (year + month + day) ".

Step2: Register for the desired courses on “Online Course Selection System”

And here are some IMPORTANT things to keep in mind for the course selection:

  1. During the specified time frames (daily 09:00-03:00 GMT+8), you are able to register the courses through the Course Online System. Exchange students are allowed to enroll in most of the courses available at NTU with the exception of the restricted courses.
  2. The course selection is not conducted on a first-come-first-enroll basis. You need to sign up for desired courses and wait for the placement results.
  3. According to NTU’s regulation, students are NOT allowed to take the classes that share the same time schedule.
  4. For more information or documents related to course selection, please refer to "Course Selection Area".

About “Course Add and Drop”

If you still don't get the course you want in stage 2, you can use "course add and drop" in the first two weeks of the semester. If the course selection method is "2" (check the picture below), you can attend the course in the first week and ask the professor whether he/she can give you the authorization code. Most courses can be selected in this period.

And for intensive courses that do not start in the first week, you have to contact the TAs of the courses and ask them how to get the authorization code.

※Please make sure you complete the course selection process in the first two weeks and satisfy the learning requirement of your home university. Our department only requires you to take 4 NTU law credits per semester. Also, if your home university does not require you to take only courses in the law department, you are welcome to select courses from other departments or PE classes.

Chinese Courses for Exchange Students

Exchange students can enroll in NTU General and Enhancing Chinese Course, a complimentary language course under the exchange program.
Please note that the General Chinese Course can be added only by NTU staff, and can not be enrolled in by the Online Course Selection System. Therefore, please mention in the application form if you want to take the Chinese Course. Also, students who wish to take the Course must take the Placement Test on the designated date and place.

For more details, please visit Chinese for International Students.

Course Withdrawal

Due to NTU academic policies, students can only request ONE course withdrawal after the end of the course add/drop if they cannot continue studying in the course specified. Please read carefully the NTU Course Withdrawal Guidelines before withdrawing the course. After withdrawal, a mark of “W” will be shown on the student’s transcript.

Applicants should apply on myNTU >> Courses >> Withdrawal Application System, print the form out, and submit the form to the Office of Academic Affairs during the specified period of time with ratification by the instructor and NTU Law office before the deadline.

Before Leaving NTU Law: De-registration 

All exchange students must complete the de-registration procedures before leaving NTU.  The deadline is the end of January (Fall Semester) or the end of June (Spring Semester). For students who do not complete the de-registration procedures by the deadline, the office will not email your official transcript to your home university. 

All exchange students' access to NTU online services will expire by the end of January (Fall Semester) or the end of July (Spring Semester).

De-registration Procedure

Step 1. Download the form

Step 2. Collect stamps from the admistrative offices
Print out your De-registration Form and collect stamps from the following offices:

  • Academic Affairs: Invalidate your student identity
    (Undergraduate: Rm 106, 1st Admin. Building ; Graduate :Rm 210, 1st Admin. Building)
  • Library: Check your borrowing record at the NTU Main Library
  • Dormitory: Complete the check-out procedure and receive the stamp from the dormitory

Step 3. Hand in the stamped de-registration form to the NTU Law Office

Optional: Upload your Exchange Report to the system
Share your exchange experience in NTU, and you will get a NTU Law’s souvenir!
You are also welcome to attach pictures of NTU or Taiwan in your exchange report.

Grades and Official Transcript

Usually, you can check your grades online by visiting myNTU >> Students >> Curriculum >> Grades Inquiries a couple of weeks after the final exams. Grades may not all be available simultaneously since some instructors may delay submitting grades to the Office of Academic Affairs. However, all grades should be available by the end of the winter break (Fall Semester) or summer break (Spring Semester).

You and your home university shall expect to receive the electronic transcript in early-March (Fall Semester) or mid-September (Spring Semester) if you complete the above-mentioned de-registration procedures. 

If it is urgent for you to get the transcript before we send it to your home university, you can either purchase through NTU Online Transcript Order System, or purchase at the printing machine outside the Office of Academic Affairs (Room 106, 1st Administration Building) if you are still in NTU. For more information about the electronic transcript, please visit Academic Affairs at "Information for the Official Electronic Transcript.

Q&A

Accommodation

What should I do to apply for a dormitory?

Please specify your preference in the application form. However, since the room number is limited, the arrangement will be decided by lots-drawing process.

When will the result come out?

The result will come out around early-August (Fall semester) and early-December (Spring semester), and only those who got the dormitory will receive the outcome and the check-in information via email.

When can I check in ?

The check-in date is September 1 (Fall semester) and February 1 (Spring semester).
In the case of early check-in, the students have to email Prince House and get the approval.

Admission Letter

When can I expect to receive the official admission letter from NTU?

The official admission letter will be sent via email around the end of June (Fall semester) or early-December to mid-December (Spring semester).
※ Please note that you need to apply in advance if you need a hard copy of the official admission letter.

Which document should I upload when applying for a visa?

The Letter of Admission is the one with Chinese and English version, and the Letter of Approval is the one that only has Chinese version.
Both of them should be uploaded to the corresponding place in the system when applying for a visa.

Course Selection

How many credits do I have to select?

According to NTU regulations, exchange students must take at least 2 courses or 4 credits per semester.
Furthermore, students should also follow the requirements of their home university.

Where to find the courses I can choose?

Please read the Course Selection Guidelines-Preparation for course selection and go to myNTU to click on Courses >> Online course information >> Courses by Dept/ Grad. Institute >> College of Law

Where to officially select the course?

myNTU >> Courses >> “Online Course Selection System I” or “Online Course Selection System II”

Why can't I log in with my NTU account?

Your NTU account will be opened in Early January (Spring semester) or Early August (Fall semester), so please try to sign in after then.

What is the default password for my NTU account?

“a + your birthday” (year + month + day)
(For example, if your birthday is 1999/12/31, then your password will be “a19991231”)

Can I select the course with Limits on Course-adding that I do not meet?

You might be rejected by the course selection system (the Limits on Course-adding can be checked on the NTU course information).
However, we suggest you attend the course in the first two weeks and ask the professor whether he/she can sign the “Petition of Instructor’s Consent for Course Add” for you.

How can I get more details about the intensive courses like weekly topics, reading lists, assessment methods, etc?

You can search it on the NTU Course Information or contact the TA of each course.
The TAs’ contact information will be sent to the students’ email before the semester starts.

Can I select courses from other departments?

You should check the regulations with your home university. We have no limitation.

Credits Transfer

What is the credit transfer regulation?

1 NTU credit = 16 teaching hours
9 NTU credits = 24 ECTS
11 NTU credits = 30 ECTS
※ For Themis program, 1 NTU credit = 2 ECTS

Factsheet

When will the NTU Law factsheet be updated?

Around November.

Health Exam

    What is the NTU Health Exam Policy?

    Students joining the on-campus exchange program must complete a health exam before traveling to Taiwan.
    For semester exchange students, you need to print out the NTU Health Exam Form and Form C in hard copy, and complete the health exam by a qualified doctor in your home country.
    For academic year exchange students, you will also need to conduct another health exam different from NTU Health Exam Form to apply for the Resident Visa. To save your time, you are suggested to bring both NTU Health Exam forms and Health Certificate for Residence Application to the hospital and complete both of them at once.
    ※ Please note that NTU Health Exam Form and Form C must be completed within 3 months prior to the registration date.

    When and where should I submit the health exam form?

    Please submit the original hard copy to NTU law office on the registration day.
    If you fail to submit it on the registration day, please contact us to make an appointment for a make-up registration.

    Can I do the health exam in Taiwan?

    If you have difficulty doing the health exam in your home country, you may choose to do the health exam at NTU Hospital (or other hospitals on the list of Ministry-designated hospitals) after arriving in Taiwan. Please note that it takes around 5 to 7 work days to receive the health exam report.

    Instead of doing the blood test for Measles and Rubella Antibody Titers, can I put on the vaccines to get immunization?

    Yes.


Insurance

What is the NTU Insurance Policy?

Students joining the on-campus exchange program are required to purchase their own insurance valid for the entire exchange period in their home countries before traveling to Taiwan.

Please provide the proof of insurance in hard copy for the following insurance:
● Accident insurance worth a minimum of TWD 1,000,000 (approx. USD 34,000)
● Medical insurance worth a minimum of TWD 1,000,000 (approx. USD 34,000)

Can I join the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan?

If you hold an Alien Resident Certificate (ARC) and have met the six-month minimum residency requirement, you can choose to join the National Health Insurance (NHI) with limited coverage.

Transcript

When can I get my transcript?

You and your home university shall expect to receive the electronic transcript in early-March (Fall Semester) or mid-September (Spring Semester).

How can I get my transcript earlier?

If it is urgent for you to get the transcript before we send it to your home university, you can either purchase through NTU Online Transcript Order System, or purchase at the printing machine outside the Office of Academic Affairs if you are still in NTU.

VISA & ARC

What is the VISA & ARC Policy in Taiwan (for semester exchange students except for Mainland China Passport holders) ?

Before you come to Taiwan, you should apply for a Resident or Visitor Visa from the Taiwan Diplomatic Mission in your residence country with the official admission letter issued by NTU.
Look up the Taiwan Diplomatic Mission in your residence country by visiting the Ministry of Foreign Affair's website >> Embassies & Missions.
※Please note that if you fail to obtain a proper visa issued by Taiwan Diplomatic Mission, your exchange student identity will be canceled.

What is the VISA & ARC Policy in Taiwan (for academic year exchange students except for Mainland China Passport holders)?

Academic year students may be able to obtain an Alien Resident Certificate (ARC). Once you have registered at NTU, you can apply for a Resident Visa at the Bureau of Consular Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs if you entered Taiwan on a Visitor Visa. Within 15 days of receiving a Resident Visa, you must apply for an ARC at the National Immigration Agency in Taipei. You may also request a Re-entry Permit when you apply for an ARC.
※Please note that if you fail to obtain a proper visa issued by Taiwan Diplomatic Mission, your exchange student identity will be canceled.

What is the VISA & ARC Policy in Taiwan for a Mainland China Passport holder?

You will need to enter Taiwan with an Entry Permit(入台證). According to regulations of the National Immigration Agency, NTU Law Office will help you with the application for an Entry Permit.

Do Hong Kong student need to apply for an Entry Permit(入台證)?

A: Yes, and you have to apply by yourself online.

Thursday, 06 April 2023 10:17

Visiting Scholar

Visiting scholars are individuals who is whose primary purpose for residence on NTU campus is to conduct research and / or lectures. The applicant shall not possess a student identity when applying for the program. The length of stay for a visiting scholar is normally not more than one year. Visiting scholar positions are not compensated.

A visiting scholar program is a fee-charge program.

Since August 2014, every visiting scholar must be enrolled in the Visiting Scholars Program. It incurs a university fee based on the duration of your stay:

Duration

University fee

1-14 days

TWD 6,000

15-30 days

TWD 10,000

31-90 days

TWD 15,000

91-180 days

TWD 26,000

181 days - 1 year

TWD 46,000

All visiting scholars are required to pay a one-time non-refundable university fee.

* Please note that visiting scholars are responsible for their own insurance, parking license, transportation from airport. The fee for a reissue of your NTU ID card is 150 NTD.

Visiting scholars are granted a variety of privileges, including access to department building, the University’s Libraries, and gym. Visiting scholar status does not guarantee assignment of an office or workspace. These must be negotiated with our department.

Want to become a visiting scholar at NTU Law?

All visiting scholars are required to have a host from NTU Law (i.e., faculty member). To enroll in the program, complete the application and send the required documents to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. In your email, be sure to specify the dates of your intended visit, including both the start date (from...) and end date (to...). Upon approval of your application, our staff will send you a formal invitation letter.

Required Documents:

  • Curriculum Vitae (including a list of publications)
  • Research proposal
  • Certificate of current employment status
  • Letter or email from an NTU Law faculty member expressing their willingness to collaborate on research and host you

Useful Information

We have prepared this handbook for visiting scholars/ professors with a variety of information regarding your stay. You are welcome to download. More information can be found at NTUOIA’s webpage.

 

 

 

Previous Visiting Scholars

Previous Visiting Scholars

Thursday, 30 March 2023 23:17

Visiting Student Program

International Visiting Students

Visiting Student Program is designed for outstanding current students of overseas/partner institutions who wish to broaden their horizons while earning credits at NTU, one of the world's leading institutions of higher education. While enrolled as a non-degree-seeking but full-time student, you are permitted to gain access to and take advantage of NTU's fullest range of academic programs.

※As the Visiting Student Program is hosted by our Office of International Affairs, please refer to NTUOIA International Visiting Students for more information about the application procedure, fees, etc.

Duration

One semester or one academic year.

Requirements

  1. Student Status:
    Undergraduate or graduate students who are studying in an overseas university, and have completed at least one semester at home university when applying.
  2. Citizenship:
    Hold a foreign nationality. Those who hold only Taiwanese nationality are not eligible to apply.
  3. Language proficiency:
    Have at least B1 level for English or Chinese Language Proficiency according to the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference).
  4. GPA Requirement:
    A minimum of 3.0 GPA on a 4.0 scale.

International Research Visiting Students

The Research Visiting Program is a non-degree program designed for students enrolled in overseas academic institutions who are interested in conducting short-term research or internship with an NTU faculty member. Please note that research-visiting students cannot enroll in courses.

※As the International Research Visiting Student Program hosted by our Office of International Affairs, please refer to NTUOIA International Research Visiting Student for more information about the application procedure, program fees, obligations, etc.

Duration

The program duration is flexible, ranging from 2 weeks to 6 months (180 days). You can customize your program duration and choose a time of the year to start. Please note that due to Visa regulations, the duration may not exceed 180 days. Should you need to stay longer than the maximum period permitted, you must exit Taiwan to acquire a new Visa, and then re-enter the country. An additional program fee will be applied for the additional duration.

Qualifications

Undergraduate: International students enrolled in overseas academic institutions who are required to conduct an internship in order to satisfy graduation requirements.

Graduates: International students enrolled in overseas academic institutions who are required to conduct an internship in order to satisfy graduation requirements, or interested in conducting research/ writing a thesis in Taiwan.

※Please note that overseas academic Institutions should be included in the reference list issued by the Ministry of Education, R.O.C. For PRC passport holders who studying in universities in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau, please refer to 訪問研究計畫.

Finding a Host Professor

Before starting your application, you must acquire an NTU Law faculty member who is willing to act as your supervisor. Please browse through our faculty, check the members’ research interests and experiences, and finally, contact a few potential supervisors directly to discuss your research interests.

International Visiting Students

Visiting Student Program is designed for outstanding current students of overseas/partner institutions who wish to broaden their horizons while earning credits at NTU, one of the world's leading institutions of higher education. While enrolled as a non-degree-seeking but full-time student, you are permitted to gain access to and take advantage of NTU's fullest range of academic programs.

※As the Visiting Student Program is hosted by our Office of International Affairs, please refer to NTUOIA International Visiting Students for more information about the application procedure, fees, etc.

Duration

One semester or one academic year.

Requirements

  1. Student Status:
    Undergraduate or graduate students who are studying in an overseas university, and have completed at least one semester at home university when applying.
  2. Citizenship:
    Hold a foreign nationality. Those who hold only Taiwanese nationality are not eligible to apply.
  3. Language proficiency:
    Have at least B1 level for English or Chinese Language Proficiency according to the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference).
  4. GPA Requirement:
    A minimum of 3.0 GPA on a 4.0 scale.

International Research Visiting Students

The Research Visiting Program is a non-degree program designed for students enrolled in overseas academic institutions who are interested in conducting short-term research or internship with an NTU faculty member. Please note that research-visiting students cannot enroll in courses.

※As the International Research Visiting Student Program hosted by our Office of International Affairs, please refer to NTUOIA International Research Visiting Student for more information about the application procedure, program fees, obligations, etc.

Duration

The program duration is flexible, ranging from 2 weeks to 6 months (180 days). You can customize your program duration and choose a time of the year to start. Please note that due to Visa regulations, the duration may not exceed 180 days. Should you need to stay longer than the maximum period permitted, you must exit Taiwan to acquire a new Visa, and then re-enter the country. An additional program fee will be applied for the additional duration.

Qualifications

Undergraduate: International students enrolled in overseas academic institutions who are required to conduct an internship in order to satisfy graduation requirements.

Graduates: International students enrolled in overseas academic institutions who are required to conduct an internship in order to satisfy graduation requirements, or interested in conducting research/ writing a thesis in Taiwan.

※Please note that overseas academic Institutions should be included in the reference list issued by the Ministry of Education, R.O.C. For PRC passport holders who studying in universities in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau, please refer to 訪問研究計畫.

Finding a Host Professor

Before starting your application, you must acquire an NTU Law faculty member who is willing to act as your supervisor. Please browse through our faculty, check the members’ research interests and experiences, and finally, contact a few potential supervisors directly to discuss your research interests.

Tuesday, 28 March 2023 16:42

Summer Program

2023 Summer Program:Law and Money

July 4, 2023 - July 24, 2023(3weeks)

Application Deadline: May 20, 2023

About

The College of Law's Summer Program provides three weeks of intensive and substantial courses about international economic & financial law and practice. It is an excellent opportunity for students to familiarize themselves with theoretical and practical knowledge about international trade laws, economic laws, capital market laws, and financial and FinTech laws as well as related lawyering experience.

Combination of law and finance

Our top-notch instructors, along with the high academic quality of our courses, allow you to learn how laws regulate money, banking, investment, and crypto-asset.

Law and Money (3 NTU short-term program credits)

This program consists of four sections: (1) Law, Banking, and FinTech; (2) Law and Investment; (3) Law and Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Finance; and (4) Exploring the Legal Practice in Taiwan. Students will study intensively for 4-6 hours per day to complete these 4 sections throughout the 3-Week program.

*Upon successfully completing the program, participants will receive an academic transcript with 3 NTU short-term program credits. If they wish to have their credits approved, they should consult their home institutions and credit advisors in advance.

Exploring legal practice in Taiwan

This program will arrange field visits to acquaint students with the legal practice in Taiwan. Candidates include the Judicial Yuan (the highest judicial body and constitutional court in Taiwan), courts, leading law firms, financial infrastructures (e.g., stock exchange or clearinghouse), and/or financial institutions.


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